或者,该系综可以用作零模型来检测G*与平衡态的经验偏差,例如,小子图(二元图或三元图,dyads or triads)出现时的系统变化,它们甚至可以作为网络结构[199]中主要转变的预警信号(e部分)。在所示的例子中,荷兰银行间网络中二元模体和三元模体(银行间连接的二元图和三元图结构)随经济周期的统计显著性变化被证明是2008年危机的预警信号[59]。图片经参考文献[59,127]许可修改。
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